Considering the functional role of flatness, the measurement of that condition on the. Flatness manufacturing, a geometrical tolerance required in certain manufacturing situations. Metrology measurement capabilities technical report. If the receiving and transmitting antennas are identical, one measurement and use of the.
Metrology measurement download ebook pdf, epub, tuebl, mobi. Inspection of flatness using vision system ieom society. This technique is used in a variety of metrological applications such as inspection of machine parts for straightness, parallelism, flatness, measurement of very small diameters, and so on. The developed smart camera is tailormade for flatness measurement but designed with. Correlation between division 3 floor flatness ff and floor. Ff and fl numbers are used to measure the flatness and levelness of concrete floors. The lapmaster flatness gauges provides a quick, reliable method of inspecting lap plates, polishing plates, surface plates and other large surfaces for flatness.
This gives extremely precise measurements, more accurate than most cmm measurements, in an economical way. Smc plates, and glass plates, which are difficult to measure by traditional methods. To perform flatness measurements using the moody method, carry out the following steps. An f min 100 specification is a baseline number corresponding to a flatness tolerance of 18 in 100. In manufacturing and mechanical engineering, flatness is an important geometric condition for workpieces and tools in the manufacture of precision parts and assemblies, especially where parts will be required to be connected across a surface area in an airtight or liquidtight manner, flatness is a critical quality of the manufactured surfaces. The absolute flatness of the surfaces may be measured through the use of the threeintersection method by nearinfrared interferometry. This chapter covers the details on the analysis and measurement of surface roughness. Design engineers, manufacturing engineers, tool and gage makers, quality control. By aiming for the worlds best in every aspect, the lkg5000 is built with the latest cuttingedge technology. To apply this method to large size samples such as lcd flat panel displays, two trials extension of measurement size and elimination of the reflected light from the back plane of the glass substrate, are developed. Procedure for performing flatness measurement flatness measurements are performed to check the flatness of cmm tables and surface plates. An optical flatness measurement system for mediumsized surface plates. The choice of the bestsuited method is governed by various factors, such as size and shape of the part, the area to be inspected, its accessibility and intersection with other surfaces and the desired degrees of measuring accuracy.
Angular measurement instruments and techniques used in. This technique requires a very uniform, diffused light ribbon projected onto the surface of the product to be measured. The capabilities developed include unique capabilities in many areas of measurement and engineering expertise to develop measurement techniques and resolve measurement problems in these major areas. But these are deviations on a scale far greater than the precision needed to ensure, for example, that a bga and its interconnect region on the pcb both have sufficient flatness to permit interconnect bonding. This article includes recommendations for flatness and levelness based on program type. Cirp encyclopedia of production engineering, chapter. Methods exist by which deviations from a perfect form can be determined. A reflection moire technique using phase shifting method is tried to this flatness measurement. Flatness mathematics flat module in abstract algebra. An optical flatness measurement system for mediumsized surface. In this section, some flatness assessment methods are summarized.
Angle interferometer flatness measurement the height profile the profile of deviations from flatness is the result of a number of individual straightness measurements made along a grid of lines fig. Because no stitching is needed for large surfaces, the chromatic confocal technique can accurately measure in seconds these in addition to detecting local defects. It can also be used to control line elements in one direction on flat surfaces. Industry standard chucks are easy to load and are nondamaging to wafers. Evaluation of cmm for flatness measurements request pdf. A part requiring measurement can be grouped according to the strength of its characteristics. Flatness fundamentals why measure flatness the evaluation of flatness deviation is essential to control flat surfaces of workpieces and often to qualify a surface as a primary reference to which the other workpiece elements are referred with orientation and position tolerances. Flatness measurement component axis squareness on a cone although it is possible to measure the flatness of a cone along a single trace, squareness is not possible.
It is the purpose of this practice to define the different flatness characteristics and to describe the methods most commonly used to measure particular characteristics. Flatness measurement g flatness measurement g 1 with the flatness interferometer the deviations from the flatness of surfaces f. An f min 50 specification corresponds to a flatness tolerance of 18 in 50, or 14 in 100. Evaluation of cmm for flatness measurements article in metrology and measurement systems 154. Online flatness measurement in the steelmaking industry. Techniques developed for angle measurements on machine tools and measuring machines are usually grouped into two main categories. Yokoyama proposed a novel interferometric measurement. Correlation between division 3 floor flatness ff and.
The actual flatness of the measurement line will be the algebraic sum of the reading d1, d2 etc plus the reading at the datum. The gauge is then placed onto the lapping plate and a measurement taken. Flatness tolerance is always less than the dimensional tolerance associated with it. A new generation optical flatness measurement systems.
Lapmaster optical flats are manufactured using the finest quality materials and the latest manufacturing techniques. F f floor flatness variation from surface plane bumpiness f l floor levelness. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. The absolute gain method requires no a priori knowledge of the transmitting or receiving antenna gain. Laser flatness measurement automotive laser displacement sensors need speed, accuracy and the capability to provide excellent performance in any application. The crankshaft was set up nearly parallel to the cmm yaxis. Harmonic analysis is, however, an advanced topic and will be discussed only at a qualitative level in this booklet. The coverage is restricted to measurement techniques and systems that are complementary to engineering metrology. Sheet flatness is affected by mill process factors plus the grade, thickness and width of the material supplied. Surface flatness and bond thickness measurement methods using. Absolute flatness measurements of silicon mirrors by a three. Provided by productivity quality incs metrology toolbox 763.
The topics covered are the basics of transducers and the measurement of force, torque, strain, temperature, and pressure. Flatness systems theory, a property of nonlinear dynamic systems. The first one gives straightness deviations at each grid point, so the measured values are independent of each other, while. For use with kemet flat lapping and polishing systems, kemet flatness measuring equipment is designed to assist in the measurement and maintenance of surface flatness. We use a laser line triangulation method for online measurement of manifested flatness based on a laser projector with two parallel lines. A solid, prismatic component with a good surface finish a straightforward measurement e.
Flatness measurement system based on a nonlinear optical. Flatness measurements are performed to check the flatness of cmm tables and surface plates. The result of a measurement after correction for recognized systematic effects is still only an estimate of the measurands value due to the uncertainty arising from random effects and from imperfect correction of the result for systematic effects. However iso definition related and other measurement methods seem uneasy in measuring and or complicated in data analysis. Interferometry is one of the precise methods for calculation of flatness. To understand the basic principles and techniques of flatness measurement refer to. Iso definition related and other measurement methods seem uneasy in measuring and or.
Architects should understand what the numbers mean and how to specify concrete floor flatness and levelness. The model 92031 flatness gauge kit is designed to help the user maintain plate flatness by periodically taking measurements of the plate shape following processing. A flatness measurement is now made around the conical area of the part. Standard practice for measuring flatness characteristics. Flatness is can be measured using a height gauge run across the surface of the part if. Two sets of parallel planes where the entire referenced surface must lie. This information can help the inspector determine how to form the best. How to measure flatness with optical flats by van keuren. There are a number of ways to measure the flatness of a surface.
Angular measurement instruments and techniques used in manufacturing engineering springerlink. Surface roughness analysis and measurement techniques. This underscores the importance of considering the beam diameter to be reflected from a dichroic when evaluating flatness needs, as illustrated in figure 2 for semrock brightline laser. Objectives after studying this unit, you should be able to. Combined with our state of the art optical fabrication techniques and tropels renowned phaseshifting analysis. There are two basic methods that can be used to measure the gain of an antenna. Flatness is can be measured using a height gauge run across the surface of the part if only the reference feature is held parallel. In the first part it is shown that high resolution electronic autocollimators can be calibrated using an angle comparator on base of the divided circle to an uncertainty of less than 0,01 arcsec.
Importance of flatness measurement inspection for quality control flatness measurement of electronic parts and assemblies, or pcbs, has become. The chromatic confocal technique is ideal for measuring flatness, warpage and planarity on applications where it is often critical such as for micro parts, glass, seals and many others. Surface flatness and bond thickness measurement methods. The measurement of flatnesstwist on circular planes such as flanges is also based on the use of three reference points, situated at intervals of 120 around the circle. Surface flatness and bond thickness measurement methods using the acoustic microscope janet e. The best available way to check machine travel and flatness of things like surface plates is with a laser interferometer such as sold by hewlett packard. Flatness metrology measurement optical flats optical flats are used to test the flatness of finelapped surfaces such as the measuring faces on gauge blocks, measuring inserts, measuring tables, micrometers etc. In this example, one piston armmounting journal is the reference. The flatness gauge determines flatness by measuring the deviation from a straight line on a plane determined by the gauge body. Straightness fundamentals why measure straightness the evaluation of straightness deviation is employed primarily in monitoring the form of cylindrical and conical surface parts. Frequency lobing undulations per revolution upr looking at real life roundness graphs see page 10 it is clear to the eye that information exists in the data at different frequencies. Surface texture includes 1 roughness nano and microrough. Concrete slab finishes and the use of fnumber system. The most common method within the flat lapping sector is by using a monochromatic sodium light unit and an optical flat.
In this example an axis is constructed through the base of the component and saved as a datum. We continue to lead the metrology industry with innovative solutions for a wide range of roundness, cylindricity and circular geometry applications. Flatness of surface plate, level, marble granite plate, metrology. The method of determining the flatness deviation of a surface plate, using differential. Methods of measurement based on agreed units and standards. The double laser line approach permits local surface slope measurement in addition to 3dposition which can be used for material vibration compensation as well as elastic deformation compensation to some. It covers rf test and rf measurements parameters viz. This is still performed by some steel and metal producers, but automated measurement using optical gauges become more and more common. For more detailed information on these setups, and many more, you may download a copy of zygos guide to typical interferometer setups. This study represents an initial step toward the measurement of flattened silicon surfaces using a nearinfrared interferometer. For many purposes, it is sufficient to take 1 band10 microinches or 0. It is this very surface measurement that is an ideal match for noncontact profilometry and is a key in such manufacturing processes.
As this is novel measurement technique, to prove that there is no significance difference between standard methods and proposed method. Multibeam angle sensor for flatness measurement of. Aug 09, 20 recently, an optical technique based on diffused light was being used in the steelmaking industry for flatness measurement. Roundness measuring solutions the first successful roundness measuring instruments to use radial methods were invented by taylor hobson in 1951. The procedure is based on the progressive angle measuring. They have resolution of less than one millionth of an inch and they are very fast and operator friendly. Online flatness measurement of large steel plates using moire.
F f floor flatness variation from surface plane bumpiness f l floor levelness variation from horizontal plane pitch. The flatness interferometer consists of the following components, fig. Measuring board and component flatness warped that they are likely to cause line jams, and boards where pins will not line up with holes. Rf measurements tutorial rf device test and measurement. It determines whether any significant peaks or troughs exist and quantifies them. Measurement guide by application warpage bow flatness. Pdf on oct 14, 2014, han haitjema and others published flatness find, read and. Nineteen factfilled charters that contain authoritative treatment of all aspects of dimensional measurement technology make handbook of dimensional measurement the most readable and comprehensive guide available for engineers and technicians engages in the various stages of industrial production. Methods of determining warpage, bow and flatness vary depending on the target type in your application. Flatness measurement methods are nowadays developing rapidly, and.
In the mechanical area the evaluation of straightness is very important. The optical flats are made either from the highest quality clear fused quartz, which is known for its very low thermal expansion characteristics and resistance to abrasion, or zerodur, a glass ceramic. Find the optimal measurement method for your target. Here, microinchand millionth of an inch are used interchangeably. Typical interferometer setups this page explains some of the interferometric measurement techniques commonly used in the optics industry. Click download or read online button to get metrology measurement book now. Flatness measurement system based on a nonlinear optical triangulation technique article in ieee transactions on instrumentation and measurement 512. This guide introduces measurement principles and provides an easytounderstand explanation of the instruments and methods needed to complete these measurements. The second part of the book comprising chapters 1216 focuses on mechanical measurements.
This rf measurements tutorial covers rf device testing basics using rf equipments. The quality of any cmm inspection program is only as good as the thought process put into building a sound and robust part alignment. Decide the number of measurement points and which three will be the reference points on which the laser plane will rest. New roll generation for high quality flatness measurement. Changing demands on flatness data traditionally, flatness measurement has been done manually using a straight reference straight edge or thin wire under tension and a wedge or feeler gauge. They are also very expensive, although the price has come down a lot in the last ten years. A novel simple and accurate flatness measurement method thang h. Flatness measurement of a surface plate is an intensive and old research topic. Recently, an optical technique based on diffused light was being used in the steelmaking industry for flatness measurement.
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